American History (1815-1820)

Economic development is shaped by a nation’s political leaders, the external forces and the natural courses of history. The United States of America was under the leadership of ten presidents from 1815-1850. This started with the 4th US president James Madison who, through the Congress, declared war with Britain in 1812. There was economic depression as a normal consequence of war. But the young nation bounced back and it was during the presidency of John Quincy Adams that the war of 1812 was declared successful. There was an upsurge of nationalism.There was successive waves of economic and social change that swept across the nation. Adams called his idea the American System, where canals, roads, railroads and expansion were at the forefront of his economic model. This stimulated interregional trade and sparked an unprecedented development of towns and cities. He was defeated by Andrew Jackson in the elections of 1828. Jackson destroyed the Bank of the United States, a well es tablished private bank that handled the money of the federal government, as it was run by his political enemies.There was bank war and federal deposits were removed from this bank. The leadership that followed was that of Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison and John Tyler from 1837- 1845. It was faced with problems inherited from Jackson’s presidency as well as problems related to rapid increase in population. The Panic of 1837 resulted from the abrupt closure of a large number of American banks which plunged the US into the first major economic depression or severe economic downturn. Sale and settlement of public lands also became a major focus of the federal government.It was the leadership of James Polk that showed positive trends as he had these as achievements at the end of his term in 1849: 1) reduced tariffs on imports; 2) re-established independent US treasury; 3) settled dispute with Great Britain over the control of Oregon Country; and, 4) acquired California f or the US. It was also during his term that Texas, Florida, Iowa and Wisconsin became states. The American nation also reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean at the end of his term.The presidency of Zachary Taylor from 1849-1850 (as he died after, not completing his term) was marked with the discovery of gold in California which was America’s first â€Å"gold rush†. Vice-President Millard Fillmore took over the presidency and he made sure that the issue of slavery on the newly-acquired lands of the Southwest would not tear the nation apart. 2 References Google, Ancient Lights Educational Media. America’s Era of Expansion and Reform, 1817-1860, http://www. writingco. com/pdf/FH617VTG. pdf Google, Wikipedia, en. wikipedia. org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States

Definition of Poetry Essay

According to W.H.Hudson we all have a sense of what poetry constitutes. There are innumerable definitions of poetry given by poets and critics of poetry and out of which Hudson chooses some famous definitions. They are given below: * Johnson : â€Å"Metrical composition† , it is â€Å"the art of uniting pleasure with truth by calling imagination to the help of reason† * Macaulay: â€Å"we mean the art of employing words in such a manner as to produce an illusion on the imagination, the art of doing by means of words what the painter does by means of colours† * Carlyle: â€Å"We will call Musical thought† * Shelley: â€Å"In a general sense may be defined as the expression of the imagination† * Hazlitt: â€Å"It is the language of the imagination and the passions† * Leigh Hunt: â€Å"The utterance of a passion for truth, beauty, and power, embodying and illustrating its conceptions by imagination and fancy, and modulating its language on the principle of variety in unity† * Coleridge: â€Å"Poetry is the antithesis of science, having for its immediate object pleasure, not truth† * Wordsworth: â€Å"It is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge and the impassioned expression which is in the countenance of all science† * Edgar Allan Poe: â€Å"It is the rhythmic creation of beauty† * Keble: â€Å"A vent for overcharged feeling or a full imagination† * Doyle: â€Å"It expresses our dissatisfaction with what is present and close at hand† * Ruskin: â€Å"The suggestion by the imagination, of noble grounds for the noble emotions† * Prof. Courthope: â€Å"The art of producing pleasure by the just expression of imaginative thought and feeling in metrical language† * Mr. Watts-Dunton: â€Å" The concrete and artistic expression of the human mind in emotional and rhythmical language† * Matthew Arnold: * â€Å"It is simply the most delightful and perfect form of utterance that human words can reach† * â€Å"It is nothing less than the most perfect speech of man that in which he comes nearest to being able to utter the truth† * â€Å"It is a criticism of life under the conditions fixed for such a criticism by the laws of poetic truth and poetic beauty† As Hudson state when we look at them critically, and compare them with one another, certain disturbing facts about them become clear. Commenting on these definitions Hudson concludes they are almost distracting in their variety because the subject is approached from many different points of view. Some, strictly speaking, fail to define, because they express rather what is poetical in general, wherever it may be found, than what is specifically poetry. Some, on the other hand, are too narrow and exclusive, because they recognize only the particular kind of poetry in which the writer happened to be personally interested.

Computerized grading system Essay

Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business or other enterprise.The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology, including computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors,internet, telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer services. Technology (from Greek Ï„Î ­Ãâ€¡ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ·, techne, â€Å"art, skill, cunning of hand†; and -ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±, -logia) refer to the collection of tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures used by humans. Engineering is the discipline that seeks to study and design new technologies. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species’ ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include construction technology, medical technology and information technology. The human species’ use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistoric discovery of how to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in traveling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today’s global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of Earth’s environment. Various implementation s of technology influence the values of a society and  new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms. Today, people are relying more on technology. Technology refers to all the rays people use their creation and discoveries to assure their needs and desires; therefore technology includes the use of both primitive and highly advanced tools and method. The inventions and the development of new technology, people are using the most important and most interesting machine that man has developed the computer. Researchers also have a responsibility to reflect on how their work and the knowledge they are generating might be used in the broader society. Researchers assume different roles in public discussions of the potential uses of new knowledge. They often provide expert opinion or advice to government agencies, educational institutions, private companies, or other organizations. They can contribute to broad-based assessme nts of the benefits or risks of new knowledge and new technologies. They frequently educate students, policymakers, or members of the public about scientific or policy issues. They can lobby their elected representatives or participate in political rallies or protests. In some of these capacities, researchers serve as experts, and their input deserves special consideration in the policy-making process. In other capacities, they are acting as citizens with a standing equal to that of others in the public arena. Researchers have a professional obligation to perform research and present the results of that research as objectively and as accurately as possible. When they become advocates on an issue, they may be perceived by their colleagues and by members of the public as biased. But researchers also have the right to express their convictions and work for social change, and these activities need not undercut a rigorous commitment to objectivity in research. The values on which science is based—including honesty, fairness, collegiality, and openness—serve as guides to action in everyday life as well as in research. These values have helped produce a scientific enterprise of unparalleled usefulness, productivity, and creativity. So long as these values are honored, science—and the society it serves—will prosper. The Banjo Laurel National High School is a public school in Banjo West, Tanauan City, Batangas. This school Banjo Laurel National High School  was establish on June 2 1975. The mission of the school is committed to mold and spiritual values, upgrade their academic performance and provide pathways to success through the concerted efforts of the teachers, parents and other stakeholders education. The vision of the school is by 2015, DepEd is globally recognized for good governance and for developing functionally literate and God-loving Filipinos. Mrs. Elsa V. Lladoc she’s the first teacher in BLNHS and now she is the Teacher in Charge in this school. The school maintains a small staff of teachers and personnel as compared to its growing population. There are teacher handling as much as four different subject a side from being a class adviser and area coordinator. Majority of the teachers handle three different year level. Significant of the study The researchers believe that developing the Computerized Grading System can make the grade easier and faster to compute. Specially, the proposed system will be beneficial to the following: Banjo Laurel National High School With the help of this system, the school will improve when it comes in computing the grade. The Banjo Laurel National High School will be the one of the school used the Computerized Grading System. The Teachers With the help of this system the teachers will not used the manual system. They will used our proposed system. And with he help of that they would be easier and faster when it comes in computing the grade of the students. The Students Developing a computerized grading system for BLNHS would make the task of recording and computing grades easier for the teachers. This will not only benefit to the teachers of the school but will also to the students because of he improvement in the accuracy of calculations and in the proficiency and productivity. To Future researchers The study is deemed used to future researchers as it will provide information for further research regarding the topic. Statement of a Problem The study of aimed to provide a computerized grading system to Banjo Laurel National High School. Upon the investigation of the researchers, they found out the following problems: 1. The existing process of computing the grades is manual and its more risky than a computerized system. 2. The manual records are often misplaced. 3. It is time consuming to calculate grades of a students manually. Objectives of the Study Specifically the study rough to meet the following objectives: 1. To create a system that automatically calculates the grades of the students. 2. To develop the computing grading function such as record keeping. 3. To establish accuracy and convenience in the computing grading process. Scope and Limitation The scope of our study is for the grading system of the said school.

Storage Area Network of Carlson Companies Assignment - 1

Storage Area Network of Carlson Companies - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that the effective way to implement a SAN requires computing different or all the existing servers by deploying multiple servers thereby allowing them to organize automatically by creating unconnected information islands. However, in the case of Carlson SAN approach, each of these created islands will be accessible to only one computer; therefore, if computer B needs to use information created by computer A, then computer B needs to copy such information from computer A. In this case, the computer A and B are not connected to a central server, but to independent servers. However, the current implementation of SAN requires a mode of operation or computation where the sourcing of information is from a central point, but accessing such information must be with a high degree of security. Moreover, the Carlson SAN approach mode of implementation requires backup, inter-process communication, and data transfer between different data source; however, the today’s implementation will not require backup since that data or the computing information will be in the cloud. Cloud computing does not require backup or interruption of systems or the flow of information during such implementations as such data or inhumation will be readily available to both the organization’s management and customers in the cloud. Cloud computing allows server Virtualization that does not require physical servers that reducing the interference of worker at some point of network maintenance or advancement.

Tuna Melt Sandwich Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tuna Melt Sandwich - Essay Example Another advantage of the Tune melt sandwich other than the ease, with which it can be made, is the fact that it is a low impact meal which is highly filling and that it can be made in 10 – 15 minutes. The instructions that one needs to follow in order to prepare the meal are quick and simple. Firstly a list of the things required should be made and the items assembled. Bread is the first of the ingredients. It can be the kind that the maker prefers however a healthy choice would be to pick whole grain bread. Another item that is important to prepare the sandwich is that of a non stick pan or a toaster oven. Non-stick spray and Butter or Margarine is also required. Tuna obviously is an important part of the recipe, can be bought fresh or canned in water. The last thing that Is needed to make the sandwich is Cheese. With the wide variety available any cheese of preference or taste can be picked. However some suggestions are to buy American, Cheddar or Swiss cheese. Once all the ingredients are in place the process for making the sandwich can be initiated. First you need to pick the kind of bread you want to use. Mostly white bread is a popular choice and it works perfectly however in case you want to cut down on your carbs and/ or are watching your weight there is always a healthy alternative to enjoy a tuna melt. Bread that is â€Å"enriched†, that is, has no fake nutrients or corn syrup added can be used. Usually these specifications are mentioned in the label which makes it easy to find whole grain bread. Not only does it digest better and not turn into fat easily it also tastes great. The next step would be to pick a cheese of your preference. American cheese, like Kraft, can be used or Cheddar, or perhaps even Swiss cheese. All of these work just as well. However the amount of cheese used can vary depending on how much cheese one prefers. A slice can be put on the top and one on the bottom. If you are watching your weight then a thin slice of c heese can be used. The next step requires preparing the Tuna. Canned Tuna in water can be used due to its better taste. To prepare the tuna it needs to be heated on a medium setting in a non stick pan on which some butter flavored spray is used. Depending on one’s preference chopped celery or some mayonnaise can be added to the Tuna. Some butter can be applied to the bread depending on one’s preference. In case a pan is used to make the tuna met each slice of bread can be buttered on one side or a 0 calorie spray can be used. Another thing that can be done is if you are using a toaster oven to make the sandwich butter can be applied to the bread and then toasted to avoid any additional calories that can be added due to the butter. Layering is the next step. Cheese piled on the bread with a generous helping of tuna followed by another layer of cheese and bread on top. The last step would be to placing it in the toaster. Place the sandwich on a pan, which can then be ins erted on the toaster oven and heated using a moderately medium or slightly high setting. After giving it a few minutes to cool your tuna melt sandwich is ready to be served. However it is important to note that another option exists. The tuna melt can be cooked in a pan. This can be done by pre-heating the non stick pan on medium heat. After which the sandwich is placed on a pan and flipped with a spatula after approximately 3

Policy and Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policy and Strategic Management - Assignment Example These features add on value to its low cost proposition as ticketing process through automates system reduces the cost incurred in staffing. They remain focused on a specific class of passengers so that standardized service can be provided to them. Minimizing on personalization, extra meals and keeping the services to its minimum makes the integrated service delivery concept of Southwest Airlines intact with its differentiation strategy (Appendix 1). From intangible perspective, its service value chain and freedom provided to its employees to remain innovative and empowered in their decisions supplies profitable operations and competitive edge to it which counts into its core competence (Appendix 2). The distinctive factor of southwest airlines is its unique combination of resources which its competitors are unable to imitate. For example, faster turnarounds of planes, leaner crews, use of websites to sell ancillary products, et cetera. As a result of its core competencies and value added services, southwest airlines had been able to achieve the much needed customer satisfaction levels along with financial stability and increased revenues (Appendix 3).

Europe and the World in Transition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Europe and the World in Transition - Essay Example Ozment’s historical investigation into the social pillars of Reformation Europe takes the reader straight to the origins of social cleavages between men and women, as well as to the roots of social and political hostilities between Catholics and Protestants. The book systematically uncovers the horizontal structure of European societies in the age of humanism, where the family was the highest manifestation of tranquillity, peace, trust and equality among its members. In this sense, Ozment’s work is innovative, because it challenges a popular stereotype which depicts the Reformation family as necessarily dominant and tyrannical. His historical discoveries create a revolutionary view of the family during the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland, and describe it as an empowering social unit, which transcended the narrow confinements of the home, and intersected with society. This brief report will critically approach two of Ozment’s most interesting arguments â₠¬â€œ his views on marriage in Reformation Europe, and the impact of marriage on the formation of families and communities. The remainder of this paper will approach the two themes separately and it will discuss their academic as well historic feasibility. First it is important to briefly mention the political and social context in which Ozment’s observations are made. The political reality of Reformation Europe was one of an absolute fusion of political power, absolutism and a dominant form of leadership. Women’s role in society was one of subjugation and passivity, and marriage was viewed by the Catholic Church as having the sole purpose of procreation and the subordination of the wife. The Protestant Reformation which started in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century in Europe challenged these realities, and for the first time marriage was institutionalized to become the pillar of society. Women’s creative power was the driving force behind the institu tion of marriage (Ozment 5-20). It is in the context of these major social and cultural transformations that Ozment makes his observations on the role of women and marriage in Germany and Switzerland. In this study, Ozment describes the Protestant marriage as opposite to the Catholic perception of marriage. He reveals that in the beginning of the Reformation, marriage was seen by Protestants and their supporters as a remedy for broken social and domestic relations: Protestants were faced with what they considered to be crisis of domestic relations, one that could be traced to the institutions of medieval religion [†¦] To correct the situation, they (Protestants) exalted the patriarchical nuclear family, as the liberation of men, women and children, from religious, sexual and vocational bondage (Ozment 5-6) In this sense Ozment presents a very comprehensive view of marriage during the Reformation, not only as a stabilizer, but also as a liberator from the unnecessary and evasive religious conservatism of the Catholic Church. Ozment has captured the essence of marriage, as viewed at the early stages of the Protestant Reformation in Europe, and he explores it as a religious, as well as social antidote to hypocritical preaching of Catholicism for celibacy and penance. At the time Catholic marriage was viewed as a tool for social and individual subjugation of women, and the Catholic Chur

Reading Journal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Journal - Coursework Example the chapters (Chapter 13) in the book it has been told that the early 17th and mid 20th centuries have been very favorable for Europe as it has dominated majority of the world (Kagan, Ozment and Turner 322). The entire European rule has been discussed in a detailed and effective manner through which I have been able to learn a lot about what exactly happened during these centuries and how United Kingdom, France, Austria, United Provinces of Netherlands etc. used to rule other parts of Europe. It has been possible through the readings that I learnt about the condition of France after Louis XIV (Kagan, Ozment and Turner 334). Previously, I was not very well aware of the Ptolemaic System and the Cultures during the 16th and 17th Century, however, after reading chapter 14 I was quite informed about the system, norms and cultures (Kagan, Ozment and Turner 349). Although I do not know anything about the system and the culture as I have not lived in it but it was due to the excess of information and the detailed sub-parts that I am able to understand scientific societies and how their systems actually worked (Kagan, Ozment and Turner 355). Economy is also an important aspect of any society or country. Since, Europe has a dominating role during the 18th century therefore its economy must have been strong and stable. From the Varieties of Aristocratic Privileges to French Nobility and Family structures and Family economy, all have been discussed in this chapter and has helped me in improving my knowledge regarding the subject (Kagan, Ozment and Turner 373). Similarly, the second chapter â€Å"‘I am the State’: The Development of Absolutism in England and France† has equally helped me expanding my knowledge regarding the development of Absolutism in the two countries (Rogers 25). Furthermore, subjects like Scientific Revolution have never been of such interest. This is due to the fact that author has successfully elaborated each and every detail in the book along

Concept of culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concept of culture - Essay Example â€Å"Culture is essential for the existence of a society, because it binds people together† (Kartha). Some of the major aspects of culture include social norms and values, language, religion, ceremonies and festivals, food, clothing, and arts and literature. Cultural relativity is an important concept related to culture. It means that any good or bad deed is related to the cultural norms and values. An action, which is socially approved in a culture, is good whereas an action, which is not approved in a culture, is a bad action. Almost all cultures tend to be ethnocentric in nature. The reason is that people belonging to any specific culture or society usually perceive things according to the perspective of their own cultures. For example, a person living in the Indian society will see every matter of life according to the mindset developed by Indian culture. He/she will not see any matter from the perspective of American or European culture. Therefore, we can say that cultur e not only influences the living style and mindset of people but also plays a considerable role in shaping behaviors and characteristics of the people living in any society. Works Cited Kartha, Deepa. â€Å"What is Culture.† Buzzle.com, n.d. Web. 19 Jun. 2011.

Colony colapse disorder Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Colony colapse disorder - Case Study Example The queen is also present meaning that the hive is not dead. Before the actual CCD takes place, the colony members always become reluctant to eat the food (protein supplement and sugar syrup) provided. CCD is if great global significance because a very high percentage of agricultural crops are pollinated by bees. Background information on miticides, antibiotics, and neonicotinoid pesticides Neonicotinoid pesticides are commonly used in various parts of the world. This group of pesticides assume the model of nicotine which is a natural insecticide. Neonicotinoid pesticides act on the central nervous system (CNS) of insects causing excitation of nerves and finally, paralysis. Evidence from research has revealed that the use of pesticides like neonicotinoid pesticides and nicotine-based pesticides greatly affects the functioning and learning abilities of honeybees. This is very critical to the workers since they are the most active and dependable members of a colony. According to Gary e t al (2009), it has been documented that neonicotinoid pesticides levels that are able to affect the ability learning of bees occur in pollen hence they affect bees that feed on such pollen. There is an increasing threat on honeybees and their hives by mites and this has increased the dependence on miticides in order to control the situation. Basically, miticides are used in agriculture, to control the spread of mites. This is important because mites have a key role to play in the loss of good health among honeybees. However, the intensive use of these miticides has led to the development of their resistance by mites. To add an injury to this, toxicity tests conducted on bee hives have revealed that the levels of miticides in many bee hives has greatly increased (Mullen et al, 2010). Miticides are destructive to colonies of bees because they accumulate in bees wax. Bees wax is a least renewable resource in the hive hence it provides a base on which persistent pesticides can accumula te and cause toxic house syndrome (Mullen et al, 2010). In modern medicine, antibiotics are among the medications that are prescribed most frequently. Antibiotics are important for both animals and plants because they kill or injure disease-causing bacteria. However, it has been found that their use contribute to deficiencies of the immune system while their prolonged use lead to antibiotic resistant diseases and super-pests. Many commercial beekeepers administer antibiotics on regular basis as a protective measure against brood diseases hence honeybees have not been exempted from the effects of prolonged use of antibiotics. It has been found out that the major bacterial diseases that attack bees have also developed resistance to antibiotics. Resistance to pesticides has triggered the development of genetically modified crops that are thought to be producing pollen that also cause CCD (Gary et al, 2009. Potential Causes of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) The causes of CCD are still u nder investigation and almost every realistic and conceivable cause is a possibility. Four areas of research focused on by scientists in early times included bee management stresses such as poor nutrition, environment-related stresses, parasites and pathogen, and pesticides and chemicals. In the early studies, scientists had ruled out some conditions and practices from being probable causes of CCD. They include chemicals used by the

Analyze the Art Exhibit by Ken Ellis, Gathering Essay

Analyze the Art Exhibit by Ken Ellis, Gathering - Essay Example This goes a long way to help them define themselves. Arts also add depth to people’s cultural backgrounds. This essay seeks to analyze Ken Ellis â€Å"Gathering† and some of his other art works as portrayed in the Chicago cultural center exhibition. The event is to take place at Chicago and this suggests that it would be a successful one. Chicago is the third largest city in the United States, with a population of nearly three million people. It is a cultural city as most cultural events take place and this is proven by the number of facilities that promote the cultural scheme. The facilities range from dozens of cultural institutions, historical sites, and museums, more than 200 theaters, and nearly 200 art galleries. There are also some few factors which suggest and prove as to the fact where nearly 40 million people visit Chicago annually. Some of these factors are Chicago being the first and largest municipalities to require public art in various strategies and this led to passage of the Percentage-for-Arts Ordinance in 1978, and the Art Institute of Chicago which has one of the largest and most extensive collections of impressionist and post-impressionist paintings in the world. The building and street where the exhibition is to be held is accessible and convenient. The Chicago cultural center, 78 E. Washington St. ... According to Galvin, the programme can be experimental, intellectual, or innovative. An analysis of the event’s programme reveals that it is intellectual in nature. The event is meant to be a talk about Ken Ellis exhibition of â€Å"Gathering.† Ideas are exchanged between different people as they try to justify their opinions on their understanding of the painting. This allows for most of the people to think extensively and base their perspectives about the painting on a broader point of view. The content of the exhibition is shallow as it is based on the single painting of Ken Ellis and this narrows down the whole event content-wise. Therefore, most of the people at the exhibit are narrowed to a particular content of the exhibition and this discourages them to think from a wider perspective about the whole exhibition (Surin, 2009). Also the exhibition is held in the Chicago cultural center and thus the programme relates to the definition of the center as the Ken Ellis â€Å"Gathering â€Å" points out on a cultural perspective as lots of people are seen to have gathered either for a function that involves the whole society. This also proves that the exhibition is based on a simple platform as the title is quite simple, understandable and relevant to the artistic painting. This eliminates the seriousness except for the fact that most people might come up with many questions regarding the painting as one has the freedom to think on a broader perspective about the painting. The exhibition also gives room for an international platform as the painting may be associated with most cultures all around the world since gatherings are the only ways to reach masses on any matters concerning the society

Animal Farm Essay Example for Free

Animal Farm Essay This is shown perfectly in Animal Farm. In the beginning animals went against Mr. Jones due to the way they were being treated. The animals felt that the farmers received all the goods for the work they did. So they created a government named Animalism, based on the Old Major’s vision. In Animalism, there are no owners, no rich, but no poor, workers got a better life, and all animals are equal. The animals established the Seven Commandments, which were laws created by the pigs to protect animals. The goals of the government were also set up. The goals said that everyone was equal, there would be more food and sleep for all, there was to be respect for all animals, and they would build a windmill to make life better for all. All this didnt exist by the end of the book. The animals were getting less sleep, less food, and less respect. The windmill became a source of money for the leaders, not for all the animals. The seven commandments were gradually changed to suit the just the pigs until there was only one commandment left. This commandment said that some animals are more equal than others. This was the exact opposite of what they originally intended to achieve. Animalism no longer existed. The pigs began by to act more like humans, whilst at the same time changing the meaning or literally changing the laws. At the start they managed to change the meaning of all animals are equal, by asserting themselves as the â€Å"brain-workers† and taking the milk and apples. Over the years they start trading with animals, drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, making animals enemies and killing animals. Napoleon also becomes an egomaniac and has a food taster, has dogs to guard him at all times, gun is fired on his birthday, etc. this just goes on to show how he is becoming more like a human. Later on the remaining pigs also took up whips, walked on hind legs, started to wear clothes and played cards. The pigs have now taken up the role of a dictator and rule through force via the dogs, propaganda via Squealer and using the sheep’s new slogan – â€Å"four legs good, two legs better†, which destroys the whole meaning of the of the rebellion. Napoleon only cares about his wellbeing and getting as much power as possible. This is evident when he starts doing business with the humans just to get more money and when he sells Boxer to the horse slaughter for money for alcohol. The final commandment stands as a great example of how those in power manipulate language as an instrument of control. . At the beginning of the novel, the idea of â€Å"more equal† would not only have seemed contrary to the democratic socialist spirit of Animal Farm, it would have seemed logically impossible. But after years of violence, hunger, dishonesty, and fear, the spirit of Animal Farm seems lost to a distant past. Could anyone give some constructive criticism on this essay please?

Illegal Immigrants And The Different Solutions Sociology Essay

Illegal Immigrants And The Different Solutions Sociology Essay The first Illegal Immigrants to ever step foot on American soil, the New World, was the pilgrims, thats right, us, the great American people. We traveled overseas from Britain and assumed ownership over America. The Native Americans who occupied the new territory were treated unfairly by us, the intruders. We treated them as if they were on our land, so we pushed them further away from the coast so we could take our place on this new soil, that we today call our home. Unfortunately, the Native Americans didnt have a government system to insure we had green cards and visas; otherwise they may still run this country. And now that we have The United State of America, we want to keep it ours. We refuse to have our country overran by a multitude of illegal aliens that are using our resources and taking our employment opportunities, while we, the hard-working Americans receive nothing in return. Nevertheless, that is exactly where America is today. There are nearly thirteen million illegal aliens in the United States, that is nearly four and a half percent of the population, and growing at roughly five hundred thousand illegal immigrants a year according to F.A.I.R Federation for American Immigration Reform. This is a major disposition for the economic and social order of the United States. Illegal Immigration creates many problems, higher unemployment rates, health care issues, not paying taxes, and many others. The Problems that are caused by Illegal immigration grow rapidly as the population of illegal immigrants increase. Something needs to be done, and no one has a definite solution to this issue, but I believe I have an answer. The first problem that Illegal Immigrants cause, is the increasing rise of the unemployment rate for national legal citizens. The average unemployment rate of the United States is 9.7%, according to Beck. That doesnt seem too drastic, but if you look at the locations where most of the Illegal immigrants are employed and live; the unemployment rate of those states are higher than those that are not affected as much by Illegal Immigrants. California has the most illegal immigrants with 12.5%; Texas, New York, Illinois, and Florida follow closely behind with the most illegal individuals. Each of these 5 states is in the top 9 states with the highest unemployment rate. What does the unemployment rate and illegal immigrants have in common? Im glad you asked, Illegal Immigrants, wait Im tired of that name, I want to sound politically correct, Ill call them undocumented workers. CITE PAGE NUMBERS The reason that undocumented workers come to the United States is so they can provide a better life for their families. They come here in pursuit of jobs, because they are unable to find them in their country. As a result, the immigrants take more employment opportunities compared to any other state. California has employment opportunities that Americans could excel in, but the Americans are refused because undocumented workers took them. Now, before I go any further, this is where illegal immigration activists argue, undocumented workers do the jobs that Americans arent willing to do. Thats bologna, Have you ever seen the show Dirty Jobs? In one episode Mike Rowe, the host of Dirty Jobs helped clean the sewer of San Francisco; the sewer ran the length of the streets following in suit with the hills, thats not a very intriguing job, yet it was still the work of a blue collar American. Another job he participated in was Horse Inseminator you can just use your imagination with that one. The point of all these examples is that Americans are willing to do whatever it takes to hav e a paying job, especially with the way our economy is now Swift Company meat-processing plants lost about nine percent of their workforce when they were raided in six states. After the raids, Swift raised their pay by almost two dollars an hour and hundreds of residents lined up the next day to take the jobs illegal aliens used to have. Howard industries, an electronics maker in Laurel, Mississippi, was raided in the fall of 2008. Hundreds of citizens soon lined up to apply for the new job opportunities, including one woman who drove 40 miles. This doesnt include those individuals who are lazy and unmotivated, while they rather milk the government instead of getting a real job. Now that I got that off my chest, the issue with undocumented workers having jobs isnt our governments fault, or the average Americans; its the companies and employers that hire them. Bear Stearns Reported That between four and six million jobs have moved to the underground economy since 1990. Those are the jobs Americans wont do, but rather the jobs they used to do before illegal labor became much more attractive to employers. Companies can hire undocumented workers at a fraction of the cost of hiring deserving legal American citizens. I dont blame employers for taking the cheaper route of hiring undocumented workers. There are a number of advantages, such as, no payroll tax since the employer is paying under the table. They dont have to have to worry about supplying health insurance for their employees, and finally they can pay lower wages since undocumented workers dont have that legal right to an attorney, or the privilege of equal rights. Every legal citizen of the United States has become accustomed to paying taxes, from the time they get their first job to the day they die. To see the importance of the argument Im about to make, I have to explain how taxes are used. Taxes help maintain roads, highways, and the public school system so our children can have an education. Taxes also pay for public safety, police officers, prisons, and defense. Taxes also go to a number of other areas in our nation, but thats a general list. If a citizen doesnt pay his/her taxes there are consequences that can occur depending on the situation. If someone neglects to pay taxes or tries to get out of paying taxes otherwise known as tax evasion, there can be fines, criminal charges, auditing, investigations, and garnishing of wages. There could be a giant disposition for a single individual to handle. But, luckily for undocumented workers, they dont have to worry about paying taxes. They get to use our resources, have our jobs and not have to worry about filing a tax return at the end of the year. Yes, they have to pay sales tax, but that is only 7.25% on the dollar, compared to 20% of ones salary. The only time undocumented workers pay any kind of income tax is if they somehow got a social security card illegally, then they pay social security tax. They deliberately perform tax evasion with no punishment, when a normal American citizen would be punished. Another big issue with undocumented workers is health care. American citizens get the privilege of owning health insurance which covers costs that get accrued when visiting hospitals and doctors. Undocumented workers dont get the privilege to own health insurance, so they have to pay for their health care out of pocket. The cost of having basic procedures are mind boggling, too expensive for a family in an upper class salary bracket to afford without health insurance. I wonder how an undocumented worker can afford to pay for their medical issues, my guess is they cant. Most of the time when someone cant, or dont pay their medical bills, the hospital just has a collection agency garnish their wages. With an undocumented worker its a bit different, with no records of where they work, where they live, or a social security number, how to hospitals get that money? Well the answer is they dont, most of time hospitals just eat debt and wait for the government to reimburse them for the loss. So if the government is reimbursing the hospitals, essentially the American people are paying the hospitals for the loss. With the government having to give money to the hospitals that causes taxes to go up. When taxes go up, people have less money to stimulate the economy, thus causes a recession. With all that being said, what has the government and states come up with for solutions? In 1996 Bill Clinton decided to use border control to help in his campaign, he had a 14 foot fence 40 miles long put in to help deter the flow of undocumented workers. This is great in theory, but the border between Mexico and the United states is roughly 2000 miles, which only leaves a 1,940 mile gap. In 2006 George W. Bush had plans for a virtual fence which would have cost 6.7 billion dollars. The virtual fence would consist of, cameras, ground sensors, and radars. The virtual fence would stretch almost the entire Mexican Border. The whole project was canceled by the Obama Administration, after spending nearly 700 million dollars and seeing nearly no results. Even if the virtual fence was completed, there would be a stretch of 200 miles in Big Bend National Park in Texas that wouldnt have a virtual fence established. (Thats like having a home security system installed but putting a note on the front door saying that the back door doesnt have a sensor yet. -Glenn Beck) There is a government agency that helps with deportation of Illegal Immigrants; this agency is referred as Ice Air. Basically its an airline dedicated to transporting illegal persons back to their home country. Ice Air has all the amenities that you would find on Continental, TWA, or Southwest Airlines. Every passenger gets a meal, soda, peanuts. But the only difference is that it is paid for by a legal national citizen, thats right, Illegal Immigrants get a free ride back home. An average one-way single person ticket would normally cost roughly 700 dollars. There have been stories about Illegal Immigrants who had turned themselves in. Their reasoning in often cases were so they could get a free ride home for holidays, and then they just sneak back over as it becomes a repeating pattern for them. Basically the Illegal Immigrants are getting smart; they are using our agencies for their benefits. That is what we get for having such poor deportation and border control methods. It seems like there have been solutions to the problem at hand, but none have been followed through or thought out very well. I have a question for you, do illegal immigrants have civil rights, and do they have rights under our National Constitution? Personally I dont think they should, but the Government seems to think so when it comes to suing National Born Citizens. Arizona Ranchers Roger and Barbara Barnet were sued by 16 Illegal Immigrants after holding them at gun point on his property as they crossed the borders illegally. He held them there until authorities arrived; Barnett has turned almost 12,000 Illegal Immigrants over to the authorities since 1998. The Illegal Immigrants said that they were traumatized and that their civil rights were violated. What civil rights were they talking about? I dont think the U.S Constitution says anything about Illegal Immigrants having rights in our Nation. Barnett said some of his cattle died from ingesting the plastic bottles left behind by the immigrants, with that he added, that he installed a faucet on an 8,000-gallon water tank so the immigrants would stop damaging the tank to get water. Mr. Barnett said some of the ranch ´s established immigrant trails were littered with trash 10 inches deep, including human waste, used toilet paper, soiled diapers, cigarette packs, clothes, backpacks, empty 1-gallon water bottles, chewing-gum wrappers and aluminum foil which supposedly is used to pack the drugs the immigrant smugglers give their clients to keep them running. The Illegal Immigrants sued Barnett for nearly 32 million dollars, thats insane. The courts didnt see it Barnetts way, but they also didnt see it the immigrants way either. The immigrants won the law suit, but only got 100,000 dollars. That fires me up, how can a group of people who have no rights in our country sue a national legal law abiding citizen and win?! Our government is screwy if you ask me. How are people like Barnett supposed to handle situations like this? It just doesnt make sense to me but a lot of things dont make sense to me, such as, Obama wanting to make it to where undocumented workers are able to get drivers license legally. Thats giving rights to people who have no rights under law of being in our country. It seems like instead of setting up ways to abolish Illegal Immigrants, the government just wants to find ways to give them legal rights in our nation. Ok I could go on and on with this argument and debate, but this paper has to come to an end eventually. So my solution to this problem is fairly simplistic on paper, but more difficult in action. I propose that the government imposes a $50,000 fine for each undocumented worker that any employer has. It may sound outrageous, but I believe that employers shouldnt be allowed to cut corners; its essentially tax evasion. The employee will face other felony charges, and maybe even a prison sentence. I believe that would be a great scare tactic to keep most employers from hiring undocumented workers. With no jobs available, we can only hope that undocumented workers head back across the borders to their home countries. Some people argue if you force companies to higher legal citizens they have to raise their wages, which is true, but they also say if companies raise wages that they may not be able to stay in business. My response would be good, if a company cant stay in business because the y have to raise their wages for legal American citizens then they have no business being in business. Another idea to add to my solution is what Bill Clinton already started, a fence; two 14 tall fences stretching the length of the border, all 2000 miles. At an average cost of 5 million dollars a mile, that would cost roughly 20 billion dollars. People might argue that this hypothesis is way too expensive on the tax payers, but if you look at the budget set in for the stimulus package youll notice that the amount of money that set aside for unemployment was roughly 40 billion dollars. Then I also would propose a compromise to allow for some illegals to come out of the wood work, and we would allow them to become legal national citizens. To sum things up, with no jobs for illegal immigrants, they would leave the country because there isnt any prosperity for them here. Also with an enormous fence, that will help deter illegal immigration from occurring as often. With no Illegal Immigr ants being in the United States, employers are forced to higher national citizens, thus reducing the national unemployment rate, and reducing that amount of money government has to pay. When it comes to Illegal Immigrants using our hospitals, I believe that they should just be refused, yes that sounds harsh, but it isnt fair to our hospitals when they have to eat the loss, because the intruders cant get provide a payment for people who are honest national citizens. This will save the government and hospitals money also. That is essentially my solution to the Illegal Immigrant issues, it makes sense to me, but since Im not known in politics my voice may never be heard on this subject. U.S. Code Title 8, Section 1325 Any alien who (1) enters or attempts to enter the United States at any time or place other than as designated by immigration officers, or (2) eludes examination or inspection by immigration officers, or (3) attempts to enter or obtains entry to the United States by a willfully false or misleading representation or the willful concealment of a material fact, shall, for the first commission of any such offense, be fined under title 18 or imprisoned not more than 6 months, or both, and, for a subsequent commission of any such offense, be fined under title 18, or imprisoned not more than 2 years, or both. (b) Improper time or place; civil penalties Any alien who is apprehended while entering (or attempting to enter) the United States at a time or place other than as designated by immigration officers shall be subject to a civil penalty of (1) at least $50 and not more than $250 for each such entry (or attempted entry); or (2) twice the amount specified in paragraph (1) in the case of an alien who has been previously subject to a civil penalty under this subsection. Civil penalties under this subsection are in addition to, and not in lieu of, any criminal or other civil penalties that may be imposed. The paragraph above is the statutes for Illegal Immigration, half the information in it isnt even enforced. Mostly because it cant, we dont have the resources, or enough border control to apprehend the ones crossing the border. Our nation has so many problems with border control that half the time that Illegal Immigrants are apprehended they are let go, and given a citation with a court date on it. Reasoning behind the citation is because our prison system is so full already. Our government needs to come up with a good plan because our country is going to fall apart faster than a jenga tower standing on one block. http://law.onecle.com/uscode/8/1325.html. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/feb/09/16-illegals-sue-arizona-rancher/ http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/interactive-timeline.html http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/feb/09/16-illegals-sue-arizona-rancher/ http://www.fairus.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticleid=16859security=1601news_iv_ctrl=1007

Analysis of Excited Delirium and its causes and effects

Analysis of Excited Delirium and its causes and effects Since the 1800s, there have been cases of Excited Delirium even though these cases do not use the exact term Excited Delirium. These reports still contain the symptoms of what is now known to be Excited Delirium (ACEP Excited Delirium Task Force, 2009). In fact many of these cases of Excited Delirium were primarily in institutions with mentally ill individuals. It was not until 1849 that Dr. Luther Bell diagnosed the symptoms. This chronic entity that appeared in the 1800s largely disappeared in the 1950s. Today the deaths are often reported from abusers of drugs or psychiatric patients. These deaths are more of the sudden death form, with death taking place minutes to hours after the onset of Excited Delirium, there is also always physical restraint involved (Maio Maio, 2006). Definition Excited Delirium is defined as, A state of extreme mental and physiological excitement, characterized by extreme agitation, hyperthermia, hostility, exceptional strength and endurance without apparent fatigue (Maio Maio, 2006). Bells Mania In 1849 Dr. Luther Bell, a physician for the McLean Asylum for the Insane, in Sommerville, Massachusetts, found what he believed to be a new illness among his patients of the asylum. This new illness became known as Bells Mania. Dr. Bell also noted many clinical symptoms of Bells Mania which included: acute onset of symptoms, mania, violent behavior, need for restraint, refusal of food, inability to sleep, and fatigue deteriorating to exhaustion and circulatory collapse (Maio Maio, 2006). These symptoms are believed to be related to the symptoms of Excited Delirium that is known of today. Many of Bells patients and other patients at the hospital died from a combination of things such as electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and other numerous factors. In the late 19th Century, Dr. Emil Kraeplin, a German psychiatrist, developed some classifications of the mentally ill based on the symptoms presented. The utilization of this classification resulted in being able to identify groups of patients who were at a high risk for sudden death due to Excited Delirium Syndrome (Maio Maio, 2006). Dr. Bell and Dr. Kraeplin documented some of the earliest cases of Excited Delirium. By 1933, Dr. Irving M. Derby, a pathologist a Brooklyn State Hospital, began noticing what he called Manic-Depressive Exhaustion. He learned this after several deaths occurred with similar symptoms. The entity that he called Manic Depressive Exhaustion was also called by others; Acute Delirium, Acute Dementia Praecox, Catatonic Death or Bells Mania. Dr. Derby reported about 148 patients whose very deaths were attributed to Manic Depressive Exhaustion (Maio Maio, 2006). In a 1934 Doctor G.M. Davidson reported several deaths were related to Acute Lethal Excitement. This excitement was sudden onset of illness, history of delusions and hallucinations. An acute state lasting 4 to 20 days, with symptoms of: extreme psychomotor excitement and restlessness, rapid physical decline, schizophrenia of the catatonic type, postpartum psychoses of the catatonic type, and manic-depressive psychoses of manic and mixed type (Maio Maio, 2006). The findings reported by Dr. Davidson prove that they are very consistent of what Dr Bell and Dr. Derby had found in their cases. 1960s and Today In the 1960s, a major shift began to occur. Patients with mental illness began receiving better treatment, which made the deaths relating to the chronic form of Excited Delirium disappear. By the beginning of the 1980s however, an acute form of Excited Delirium began to take shape. However, this form was mainly diagnosed by the use of illegal stimulants such as cocaine. These deaths were characterized with the following; mostly of male victims, victims that had not been diagnosed with mental illness, sudden death occurring minutes or hours after the development of Excited Delirium, the use of restraints, and involvement of illegal stimulants and medications (Maio Maio, 2006). Certain symptoms described by Dr. Bell in the chronic form of Excited Delirium are also prevalent in the acute form. The main difference between the chronic form and the acute form is the amount of time that between is the onset of the symptoms and death. For example, in the chronic form this could take a matte r of days or weeks. In the acute form this could take a matter of minutes or hours. In the 1980s dying from Excited Delirium, more specifically Bells Mania, became relatively unknown to medical professionals. The only people who have even heard of this were the people of the psychiatric community. The knowledge of Bells Mania began to fade. In fact many of these cases were being misdiagnosed and began showing up as a heart attack. Pretty soon things started to change with the use of cocaine and methamphetamines (Maio Maio, 2006). During the 1980s there was major increases in cases reported with behavior related to uncontrolled psychiatric emergency. Most of these cases were in conjunction with cocaine abuse that was starting to hit North America during this time. Cocaine and Excited Delirium Syndrome seemed to be almost intertwined. There has also been cases were Excited Delirium Syndrome occurs with other illegal drugs and with many types of mental illness and their treatment medications. In fact in 1985 the first paper was published for the first time that used the term Excited Delirium. CHAPTER 3 Causes of Excited Delirium The typical person who shows symptoms of Excited Delirium is a person that has major drug intoxication, and the person might have a history of mental illness struggles with law enforcement. Police may use physical or chemical control measures or even electrical measures to help in controlling the person.The autopsy will fail to recognize a potential cause of death from trauma or natural disease (ACEP Excited Delirium Task Force, 2009). Since there is no noticeable cause of death in an autopsy it is hard to come up with a definitive cause of death. Many people believe this term is an easy way out for law enforcement, when people die as a result of being in-custody (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). Stimulant drug abuse can be a cause of Excited Delirium. Stimulant drug use such as: Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Phencyclidine (PCP), and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) have been associated with Excited Delirium Syndrome. Acute intoxication has been found to trigger the onset of symptoms for Excited Delirium. These stimulant drugs have also been found to be the cause of Excited Delirium deaths (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). Cocaine has been a major problem in dealing with Excited Delirium. Cocaine has been a major cause of Excited Delirium in some people. Excited Delirium usually occurs after people have been on a cocaine binge, and to people who have had long history of cocaine abuse. Another cause of excited Delirium is mental illness. The two major causes are Mania (Bipolar Disorder), and Psychosis (Schizophrenia) (Barney, 2003). When people enter a psychiatric facility they are sometimes misdiagnosed What the doctors are witnessing is Excited Delirium. Sometimes the underlying illness is untreated at the time the symptoms of Excited Delirium are showing. Health care providers should take heed. Early recognition and training can help prevent many In-custody deaths, in the next chapter this will be explained more in depth. Chapter 4 Awareness and Recognizing Excited Delirium Excited Delirium is part of some serious psychologic and behavioral symptoms which could include: Unbelievable strength, imperviousness to pain, ability to offer effective resistance against multiple officers over an extended period of time, hyperthermia (temperatures in the body can spike between 105-113 degrees Fahrenheit), sweating, shedding of clothes or being naked, bizarre and violent behavior, aggression, hyperactivity, extreme paranoia, incoherent shouting of nonsensical speech, hallucinations, attraction to glass (people will most likely be smashing glass), confusion or disorientation, grunting or animal-sounds while struggling with officers, foaming at the mouth, drooling, and finally dilated pupils (Kulbarsh, 2011). Also Excited Delirium is a pumped up version of the flight or fight response in the body. The person will try to run and then try and fight without being effected by pain (Brotheim, 2007). Another physical characteristic of Excited Delirium is animal like behavior including: grunting, biting, scratching, and pushing-very primitive actions (Remsberg C., 2006). Excited Delirium is a major medical emergency, and is something that should not be taken lightly. It requires medical attention immediately during onset. Excited Delirium makes the sympathetic nervous system go into hyper drive. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the release of adrenalin, heart rate, body temperature control, and pain perception. Excited Delirium works with many other dangerous effects on the body including: hyperthermia, changes in blood acidity, electrolyte imbalances, a breakdown of muscle cells, cardiac arrhythmias, and ventricular fibrillation (Kulbarsh, 2011). When death comes to a person who exhibits signs of Excited Delirium the person will exhibit a state of sudden tranquility, either during or after the initial struggle and restraint, followed by cardiac arrest. It is very important that law enforcement officers, medical personnel, and dispatchers recognize the signs of Excited Delirium and sudden death that might follow, that way emergency m edical attention can be initiated right away (Kulbarsh, 2011). Current Standards for Law Enforcement Officers and Agencies Law enforcement agencies need to establish some protocol ahead of time for dealing with such cases (Kulbarsh, 2011).Dispatchers should also be trained to recognize the signs of Excited Delirium and ask some follow-up questions. If Excited Delirium is the case then the dispatcher should alert officers, and they should alert paramedics to be on standby (Kulbarsh, 2011). The first officer on the scene, he/she believes it is a case of Excited Delirium then they must call for backup and they should have EMS there as soon as possible. Even before the officers arrive on the scene they should already know, from dispatch, what they are dealing with. It is recommended that several officers come to the scene It is not recommended that one officer come to the scene and try and handle it by themselves (Kulbarsh, 2011). The first officers on the scene should be ready to manage the subject, making sure that they do not hurt themselves and hurt other individuals. Officers should not approach the subject until proper backup has arrived and paramedics are on standby (Kulbarsh, 2011). Trying to control the person who is experiencing Excited Delirium and the situation is very important. Be sure to establish control quickly. The longer the confrontation with a person who is experiencing Excited Delirium, the greater the risk that person will die while in-custody (Kulbarsh, 2011). Police officers are usually trained to place a suspect in face down position. With someone who is experiencing Excited Delirium this not a really good idea. With a person in the face down position an individual might have hard time breathing. When the suspect that is experiencing Excited Delirium and is in police custody they should placed in a face up position. If the suspect stops resisting his pulse and breathing should be monitored It is imperative that law enforcement officers wait for medical personnel to help in restraining the subject. Medical personnel know how to restrain a person for transport to the emergency room (Kulbarsh, 2011). Protocols should be put into place for use of force options. If a person is suffering from Excited Delirium, the suspect may have superhuman strength and pain may not even phase the suspect one bit. This makes all pain-based techniques useless. Pepper spray can also be ineffective to person who is impervious to pain. The use of batons and other impact techniques possibly could be effective in stopping movement; it will not be because of pain. TASERs can be effective, because they temporarily override the central nervous system. Use caution with TASERs though there is an increased risk for sudden death for people suffering from Excited Delirium TASERs should be the a last resort. If possible try to control the situation without the use of TASERS (Kulbarsh, 2011). Transporting a person that is experiencing Excited Delirium in an ambulance is very important. In the ambulance the paramedics can watch the subjects vitals like: heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, CO2 levels, PH levels, and temperature are a must (Kulbarsh, 2011). If vitals are not checked the person suffering from Excited Delirium could die. Debriefing after this incident takes place is very important so agencies can learn from the incident, what can be done in the future if they come across this incident again. Agencies could also use debriefings for personnel that has been involved with these types of critical incidents. This is especially important if the person died while in-custody (Kulbarsh, 2011). It is always important to remember the mnemonic protocol created by Dr. Michael Curtis, P.R.I.O.R.I.T.Y. M.E.D.I.C.A.L. Each letter stands for a symptom of Excited Delirium and what to do when you come upon this situation. Psychological issues, Recent drug/alcohol use, Incoherent thought process, Off (clothes) and sweating, Resistant to presence/dialog, Tough, if not super-human strength, Yelling, Make an informed decision, Enlist backup, Disturbance-resolution model, Intervene (use TASERs with caution), Contain, Attend to medical needs, Least amount of force necessary (Kulbarsh, 2011). Law Enforcement Law enforcement officers are in a unique and very unfamiliar position. They find themselves in an impossible situation where they have to recognize this medical situation. They have to try and control an individual who is irrational and physically resistive, while they are trying to keep everyone safe (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). A person who is suffering from Excited Delirium poses a challenging situation, which has the possibility to impose major public scrutiny and the possibility for a horrific outcome. Though there is always that possibility where things could go wrong and there will be some major public outcry (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). It is very important that law enforcement officers understand that a person who is suffering from Excited Delirium Syndrome lacks remorse, normal fear and understanding of his or her surroundings, and most importantly rational thoughts of safety. Law enforcement officers must realize that this is and could be a potentially life threatening medical condition (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). Up until now, everything the officers have been taught relies on the suspect being able to cooperate and the ability to be rational. The officers also rely on the suspects ability to comply with the officers commands. Many tools and tactics that are available to law enforcement officers are going to be less effective on a person suffering from Excited Delirium (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). One research has indicated that if a person has Excited Delirium and the officers know what is going on, it is not the greatest idea for officers just wait until the situation rectifies itself. This could take hours and the suspect could die as a result of just waiting. Law enforcement officers should realize that Excited Delirium is not a crime, and they should recognize the difference before it is too late (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). Emergency Medical Services Emergency Medical Services (EMS) dispatchers also need to recognize the symptoms of Excited Delirium, they need to listen and find different clues tell other people what they are responding to. With these clues multiple law enforcement officers can respond to the situation including the EMS (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). EMS find themselves in unfamiliar territory because they have to have a heightened sense of personal safety because of what Excited Delirium involves, and they need to provide timely care to these individuals (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). The first thing is that Law Enforcement Officers need to do is control the person with Excited Delirium Syndrome. After control is obtained by the law enforcement officers then EMS can recognize this emergency medical situation and assume the responsibility of assessing and caring for the person (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). Medical Examiners Medical Examiners are required to decide on a cause of death while individuals that die in police custody. Lack of medical information, and any underlying cardiac and metabolic information, makes it really difficult for the medical examiners to come up with an exact cause of death (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). Critical information such as behavior of the suspect, drug history, the history of the suspects psychosis, and the presence of hyperthermia are all factors that can determine to the medical examiner that this is a case of Excited Delirium (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). The majority of cases that appear to be Excited Delirium Syndrome occur in people who have a history of cocaine and other stimulant abuse. Sometimes this syndrome will happen even without these drugs in the persons system. As of right now there is no test out there for medical examiners to test for Excited Delirium Syndrome (ACEP Excited Delirium Taks Force, 2009). Chapter 5 Statistics Excited Delirium Excited Delirium is extremely rare. It is estimated that between 50 and 125 in-custody deaths in the United States every year are related to Excited Delirium. Most of these cases are of males between the ages of 30 and 40. This syndrome is rarely seen in females. Excited Delirium is increasingly becoming the cause of death in in-custody deaths. Police intervention is usually blamed when death occurs. It has been proven that Excited Delirium has been the cause of in-custody deaths as early as 1650. This was way before the invention of Tasers, OC, hog-tying or other law enforcement tools and techniques that some critics link to in-custody deaths (Remsberg C., 2006). It also has been found that Excited Delirium tends to be more of a warm temperature event (meaning that it happens when the temperature is warm and not cold). The situation is also motivated when there is high humidity (Remsberg C., 2006). Statistics show that Excited Delirium tends happen at the end of the week, on Sunday, than any other day. The heaviest occurrences tend to happen Thursday through Sunday (Remsberg C. , 2006). In-Custody Deaths Medical personnel at the University of Minnesota Emergency Medical program did a 12-month research experiment were they researched internet search engines for specific words such as: subject gender, age, behavior, arrest, force, weapons use, time of collapse proximal to arrest, force, and presence of illicit substance abuse (Brotheim, 2007). As a result of this study medical personnel at the University of Minnesota Emergency Medical program could identify some the causes that lead to in-custody deaths. The search results were as follows: 162 in-custody deaths were reported, 96.3 percent were males, the average age was 35.7 years old, 62.9 percent of them were exhibiting bizarre behaviors, and 62.3 percent of them confirmed illicit drug use just prior to their arrest (Brotheim, 2007). How does this break down as far as people dying in-custody. Well 8.6 percent of the suspects in-custody were hit with impact weapons, 12.3 percent of the people were shot with chemical spray, 30.1 percent were shot with a TASER, 62.3 percent of the people referenced ingested illegal drugs, 68.5 percent went hands-on with police officers, 100 percent while handcuffed. It was noted that many of the people referenced fit more than one of the categories so the results are not going to equal 100 percent (Brotheim, 2007). This study found that in-custody deaths occur largely to males less than 45 years of age, using illicit substances. In-custody deaths appear to occur within the first 60 minutes when weapons are in play. In-custody deaths never happen instantaneously when a TASER is used (Brotheim, 2007). Chapter 6 Cases of Excited Delirium Case 1: Jefferson Street, Appleton, WI The case began on a Monday in June in Appleton, WI. A call to 911 of a complaint of a naked man and ended later in evening at the hospital with the raving a man being calmed down by capable medical personnel. In this situation there was no heavy-handed control tactics, there was no risk to people or property, and there was no lawsuits from angry relatives (Remsberg C., 2009). Thanks to Lt. Dave Nickels of Appleton Police Departments patrol division he knew exactly what was going on with the young man at Jefferson Street. He and other officers were up against a terrible situation and managed to take care of this situation with professionalism (Remsberg C., 2009). A frantic call to 911 a mother is in distress because something is happening to her 29-year-old son. The son had a long history of marijuana use. The mom also noticed that he was acting very strange, he kept on talking and talkingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦like he was on somethingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦saying Im dying, Mom, Im dying, Momà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ She also told 911 hes sitting there naked. He certainly doesnt do that in front of his mother! (Remsberg C., 2009) The dispatcher responding to the call alerted two patrol units to respond to the Jefferson Street incident. Nickels, who at the time was patrolling the street in his car, heard the call. The dispatcher was saying there was yelling, strange behavior, repetitious statements, heavy breathing, and unusual nudity. Lt. Dave Nickels decided that he would respond to the call as well (Remsberg C., 2009). Nickels, is a TASER master instructor, became very interested in a psychological and physiological meltdown known as Excited Delirium. Some of the in-custody deaths in his area were linked to Excited Delirium. He had done some research for more than ten years and developed a training program for his department and other area agencies. He did this in the hope that officers, dispatchers, and medical personnel would become better aware of the symptoms and handling the situation (Remsberg C., 2009). Two weeks before this incident happen, Nickels put together a small PowerPoint presentation to kind of refresh the officers about how to respond to an Excited Delirium call. He emphasized in the PowerPoint that the subjects are usually are a long way into the crisis. They are in a medical nightmare, where they need help. Training from arriving officers will help the officers likely not to view the suspects threatening behavior as a criminal problem (Remsberg C., 2009). When Lt. Nickels entered the house on Jefferson Street, he witnessed subject with long-hair, well conditioned, gesturing wildly, is entirely naked in the room. He also witnessed that the subject was highly agitated and sweating profusely. The subject is screaming over and over again Is Im going to die?! Meanwhile the mom is trying to hand him some clothing. He continues to yell at the officers. As Nickels was looking at the situation he remembered some of the principles he stated in his training programs. Being the in charge he managed to be calm and calm voice he called the man by name and showed the man that he had nothing in his hands. He was not confrontational with the man, and he used no threatening language. He did not use any commands, and he did not shout at the man. Nickels says you do not want to feed these people adrenalin. Nickels also states theyre already thinking that youre going to hurt them. To the extent thats possible and safe, you want to model calmness for them. (Remsberg C., 2009) It was also important that Nickels did not crowd in on the subject. Nickels states avoid confronting them, if you can. Nickels managed to get the mother to back away from her son, to give him more space. The man stated that he was going to lie down, Nickels agreed with the man (Remsberg C., 2009). The main thing is that Nickels had a plan, and when sufficient officers arrived, with medical personnel he was able to set the plan in motion (Remsberg C., 2009). Nickels had backup, he was positioned inside the front door with a TASER drawn and on, ready to fire if the situation called for it. Nickels also had other backup at the rear of the house. From this point the two officers in the rear of the house could block the rear exit, and bring the suspect to his feet, if need be. An Advanced Life Support (ALS) team was also there ready to administer sedatives if need be. There was lull in movement of the subject, and Nickels announced all right, lets move. (Remsberg C., 2009) He promptly had the officers control the subjects limbs. Nickels and another officer grabbed and arm and two other officers lay across his legs. With Nickels permission the paramedics gave a shot of the sedative Haldol and the paramedics then began to strap the subject to a board (Remsberg C., 2009). When restraining these subjects is likely to be the critical point, (Remsberg C., 2009), Nickels states They fight their hardest then and may think you are trying to kill them. Its important for EMS to shoot them up quickly to chemically restrain them so the sedative can start calming them. (Remsberg C., 2009) As they are ready to the subject still continues to yell out gibberish and expels great amounts of air, he growls, screams out Mom, dont let them kill me! (Remsberg C., 2009) At this point he is unable to move. The paramedics then move him out the door and into the ambulance to the emergency room (Remsberg C. , 2009). At the hospital he was sedated even more. It took about 90 minutes for him to act normal again. When he fully recovered from this he did not even remember anything that had happened to him. He has since resumed his normal everyday activities as a college student, with no side effects (Remsberg C., 2009). The good news was that this experience was not as intense or as violet some Excited Delirium cases are. The subject did exhibit a number of common symptoms associated with Excited Delirium: fear, high body temperature, repetitious and incoherent speech, paranoia, profuse sweating, nudity, irrational shouting, bizarre statements and behavior. Watching the video of the incident is a good reminder of how dangerous Excited Delirium can be. It also shows people how to recognize Excited Delirium when they see it. Important lessons that were learned from this incident reinforce many things like: all officers, dispatchers, and responding medical personnel should be educated the signs of Excited Delirium. Nickels states Education on what it is and how it presents is the first big key to handling it successfully. He goes on by saying Periodic reinforcement is important, because ED is one of those low-frequency/high-risk events. (Remsberg C., 2009) Based on what the dispatchers are receiving, they can get medical personnel and police to the scene quickly. An ALS unit on hand can promptly give tranquilizing drugs to minimize the time the subjects fight against restraint. The more the intense struggling takes the better chance that the subject will die from Excited Delirium. High exertion under high body temperature is one of the worst things for the cardiovascular system, states Nickels (Remsberg C., 2009). Until more backup and medical personnel are hand, it is very important that officers avoid physical contact. ED subjects often display superhuman strength and are usually able to overpower one or two officer, Nickels said (Remsberg C., 2009). He also says Once you initiate contact, do it decisively and quickly. (Remsberg C., 2009) It is very important that officers train as a team to apply control techniques. Hands-on practice is very important. Nickels said Remember that pain compliance wont work on these subjects. An electronic control device that causes incapacitation may be your best option below deadly force if theyre violently aggressive. But the TASER should never be used just as punishment for screaming and yelling. (Remsberg C., 2009) The proper place for a person suffering from Excited Delirium is the hospital, more specifically the emergency room, not jail. Nickels said We sent two officers along in the ambulance and they stayed with the subject until he was completely sedated in the emergency room. (Remsberg C., 2009) If the subject has been involved in criminal activity, it is very important that he/she has been treated for the medical crisis, after that they can be released into police custody (Remsberg C., 2009). Debriefing is a must when this incident happens Nickels remembers Before the encounter in June, we had a confrontation with a mental patient that didnt go as smoothly. It was after we debriefed that and identified several shortcomings that we decided to do the ED refresher training at roll call. The refresher helped everybody realize right away what we were dealing with in the latest incident. (Remsberg C., 2009) Even with practice from the officers, dispatchers, and medical personnel people still die from ED, Nickels admits Regardless of how proficient the police and medics are, these people often are so deeply in crisis that they end up dying anyway. (Remsberg C., 2009) Nickels also admits But we need to have training and protocols in place to offer the best chance of a positive outcome. Its not a matter of if an ED event is going to happen in your jurisdiction, its when. Protocols exist for both law enforcement and medical personnel. Theres no excuse for not instituting them. (Remsberg C., 2009) Case 2 Scottsdale, AZ Experiencing Excited Delirium is different than just reading about it, especially when your life is on the line. Things are also different when the officer shoots the suspect with .40-cal. round and has blown up the suspects aorta and another bullet has hit the suspects spine. Even with all of these wounds the suspect continues to struggle with the officer and threatens to kill the officer. The officer is trying control this crazed situation while in the middle of a high-speed highway (Lewinski, 2006). This exact situation occurred to Officer James Peters a 6-year veteran of the Scottsdale, AZ Police Department. Peters was eventually exonerated of the shooting death of person suffering from Excited Delirium (Lewinski, 2006). The call started early on a Monday morning in October, Peters and a K-9 Officer Dave Alvarado got a call about an attempted break-in of a car, in a parking lot of an automobile paint and body repair shop (Lewinski, 2006). A security officer had reported that he discovered a window of a car had been smashed. He had also seen a person nearby; the security officer claimed that the person appeared to be on something. When the security officer challenged the young man, he took off his shirt, said he had a gun, and lifted a 40-lb. landscaping rock and threw it at the guard. None of these little details were included in the dispatch that Peters and Alvarado had heard, the dispatcher made sure to say that the suspect did claim to have a gun and that he had thrown a rock

The Middle Passage :: essays research papers

Most history books has recorded that between the years 1701-1760, millions of Africans were literally stolen away from their native lands leaving behind their families, work, heritage, and everything that was familiar to them. Robbed of their independence and ‘humanness’; they were reduced to cargo. This was what ‘the Middle Passage’ also known, as the ‘Slave Triangle’ was all about; the trading of goods and commodities among continents including the trading of black men, women and children who were treated like property.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first leg of the journey was from Europe, mainly Portugal to Africa. Many of the goods produced in Europe were not available in Africa or America. The Europeans traded manufactured goods, including weapons, guns, beads, cowrie shells (used as money), cloth, horses, and rum to the African kings and merchants in return for gold, silver and slaves. Africans were seen as very hard workers who were skilled in the area of agriculture and cattle farming. They were also used to the extreme temperatures that people of lighter complexions could not bear. There had always been slavery in Africa amongst her own people, where men from different tribes/villages would raid other villages to kidnap the women for their pleasures, and the men to use as slaves. To learn that they could actually profit from this activity made the job of getting slaves very easy for the Europeans. Slaves acquired through raids, were transported to the seaports were they were help prisoner in forts until traded. Once the goods were off loaded in Africa and the slaves loaded, the second leg of the journey carried slaves across the Atlantic Ocean to the North Americas (the new world).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is prudent to speak here to the inhumane way in which the slaves were transported during this first leg of the journey. The trading of slaves was very lucrative for the Europeans. As it goes in business, the higher the demand, the larger the quantities supplied. All the slaves were branded to show to whom they belonged, and the male slaves were shackled together and packed in the hole like sardines, while the women and children were sometimes allowed to stay on deck.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Any acts of aggression by the men or women resulted in severe beatings to discourage the behavior. Imagine being beaten and shackled with a rival tribe man or not being able to communicate with the person beside you because you both spoke different languages!

Censorship Online :: essays research papers

Censorship Online There is a section of the American populace that is slowly slithering into the spotlight after nearly two decades in clandestine. Armed with their odd netspeak, mouses, glowing monitors, and immediate access to a world of information, both serious and amateur Hackers alike have at last come out of the computer lab and into mainstream pop culture. Since I despise pleading ignorant about anything, I chose to read Mr. McDonalds article because of its minutia concerning the future of the more amusing aspect of computing: the game. This article is relevant because whether we like it or not, the PC (personal computer) is only going to grow in popularity and use, and the best weapon against the abuse of this new gee-whiz technology is to be educated about it. It is simply amazing how far gaming has come in the past decade. We have gone from stick figures on a blank screen to interactive movies. The PC is the newest way to play because it has the capability to process and display much more complex games than anything by Nintendo or Sega. Some problems with this, however, are the enormous cost of s descent system and software and the technology that moves at lightning speed. The computer you buy tomorrow will not be able to handle any of the new software two years from now. Owners must not only keep up with the new trends but must also be well aware of what their own system can sustain so that they do not overload it and cause it to crash. This article focuses on interactive video, which is a relatively new field in the gaming industry. The games that have been on the market have not lived up to the bombardment of advertising gamers have been subjected to. The video itself is often choppy and blurry, it rarely enhances the plot of the game, and has yet to be truely interactive. This is because it is not part of a movies nature to mingle with the audience. New software consumers should be aware of this before shelling out $60-$80 for an over-hyped game.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article offers the titles of the few good interactive games that have hit the shelves this year as well as a list of ones to avoid. It also describes several of the video cards (special flat chips that can be inserted into the back of your machine to help it process data) that you would have to

Avant-Garde fashion history

Context Page Introduction 2 History of avian-garden 2-3 Avian-garden in fashion history 3 Contemporary fashion and avian-garden 3 Discussion of Suzan Hens' autumn/ winter collection 4 Discussion of Assistant Louse's 2011 autumn/winter collections-5 Discussion of Black Coffee's 2013 winter collection 5-6 Discussion of Luda Inglenooks 2012 autumn/winter collection 6-7 Discussion of Taboo Machete's 2012 collection 7 Conclusion 7-8 List of Illustrations 9-13 List of References 14-15 What is avian-garden and how does it fit into South African contemporary fashion design?In order for one to determine if you are for or against avian-garden, and pacifically in relations to South African avian-garden, one must first define avian- garden and explore the origin and history of the movement. According to The Oxford Dictionary of Art, avian-garden is defined as â€Å"a term originally used to describe the foremost part of an army advancing into battle (also called vanguard) and now applied to a g roup, particularly of artist, that considers itself innovative and ahead of the majority' (Chillers, 2004:42).Avian-garden therefore refers to designs that are new, innovative and cutting edge. South African avian-garden is presently a very small part of the local fashion industry, UT it is a developing fashion trend with great potential. South African avian-garden designers are constantly pushing the envelope in order to stretch the minds of the consumers and other designers. This carries great potential for the South African fashion industry as well as the economy, for if the designers succeed to be truly avian-garden, it is bound to have a positive outcome.I am therefore arguing for the existence and development of South African avian-garden and will be discussing Suzan Hens' 2011 autumn/winter range, die form, Assistant Louis 2011 autumn/ winter range, Black Coffee's 2013 winter range, WREATHE, Luda Inglenook' 2012 autumn/winter range, Anamosa, as well as Taboo Machete's 2012 ra nge, Kabob EAI Balboa. Avian-garden first made its appearance in art during die late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. A small group of artist decided to break away from the rules that bound artist into creating only an established style of art.They actively attacked the institution of art in order to separate and detach themselves from it, but also to reincorporate themselves and their art into life (Berger, 1984: xvii). The first avian- garden art appeared is the Italian Futurism, French Cubism and German Expressionism movements. These movements were so different due to their fundamentally new aspirations and origins in relation between the artist and the world as well as the subject and the object. Dadaism, Surrealism and Constructivism followed soon after, continuing in these aspirations (Cabooses, 1971 : 53).During the late twentieth century, the fashion century came to an end and postposition came into being. This new fashion movement is expressed in the reversal of the relationship between the fashion designer and follower. Since the ass's, fashion is no longer initiated by the aristocracy or the bourgeoisie and then hefted down to the general public, but now introduced by the general publics street style where after it moves into the salons of haute couture where it is adapted and mimicked (Vine, 2005: 63).In the ass's, fashion designers started implementing the use of non-fashionable elements to create the avian-garden fashion beyond fashion. Western Paris-based fashion designs and ideas were shattered and the idea of dressing oneself as a ‘man', Woman' or ‘lady became an out of date concept. The avian-garden fashion trend aimed to expose the old function of clothes that classified people into groups of age, gender and status (Geeky, 2012:103). Furthermore, avian- garden designers aimed to shock the public and not to create beautiful and luxurious clothing (Vine, 2005: 64).Today, contemporary civilization is so desensitizing to norms and values that designers struggle to succeed in using the shock treatment as a way to draw attention to their work. It is also very difficult for designers to create totally new designs, for almost everything has been done before. Due to this, as a designer, avian-garden is such a difficult movement to be apart of. South African designers therefore also tend not to be a part of the avian-garden movement, but to follow the European trends and use it as part of their design inspiration.A few South African designers has accepted the challenge of designing avian-garden garments, but are they really a match for the famous and established avian-garden designers or are they simply following in the footsteps of other avian-garden designers? In case study 1, Suzan Hens' 2011 autumn/ winter range is depicted. This range's name is â€Å"die form†, because she drew her inspiration from the anatomy of the human body (Hens, 2011). When one looks at the images, one can see that in some instances, continues lines are used to depict the flow and natural rhythm of the human body.Her aim was to reveal the inside of the body on the exterior of a garment, thus creating an exoskeleton (Hens, 2011). This is evident in every design due to the different techniques that she implemented. In this collection one can also see that the muscular and skeletal systems are taken and distorted and warped to create remarkable designs. The fracture shapes in the garments, also contributes to an anatomical silhouette. Suzan describes her collection and says â€Å"it is about inner symbolism, looking at our inner physiology and taking it outside which in turn represents the unveiling of our hidden psyche† (Hens, 2011).Suzan Hens is one of South Africans leading avian-garden fashion designers, but does her designs live up to the standards and definition of true avian-garden design? Although her range has a very interesting concept, and forms such an excellent collection, it is not truly avian-garden, for it has been done before. In 2010, Gucci had a range inspired by x-rays and the same year Jean Paul Guiltier launched his creation as part of the fall collection, inspired by exploring the concept of wearing narrower as outerwear Goanna, 2010).This proves that although her designs might have been lassie as avian-garden, it is not truly innovative. She did thus also not set a trend, but followed the trendsetters. In case study 2, one can see Assistant Louse's 2011 autumn/winter collection. In this collection, he uses different layers of fabric to represent an exploration of self- expression in the context of social, sexual and traditional cultures. At the same time it also comments on our perception of an African aesthetic (Melange, 2011).Assistant was inspired by the way that different cultures wrapped their cloths, especially the Mass' and Indian cultures as well as the ancient Greeks (Mulberry: 2011). He also explored with African aesthetics in his coll ection, which can be seen in the beaded necklines. His collaboration of different cultures' way of wrapping their clothing, led to a balance of colonial and nomadic styles. In this collection, a diverse range of high-wasted peg-leg trousers can be seen along with harem pants and pleated shoulder shawls.Loose fabrics are also used to create these different kinds of wraps and loose silhouettes. The warm and earthy colors, such as mud-grey, brown, blue, red and burnt orange, also refer back to African aesthetics. These colors bring the collection and theme to life. Colorful belts that are wrapped and folded over loose vests as well as over-sized neck pieces are also some of the accessories and styling that contributes to the feel of the overall range (Mulberry, 2011).Assistant Low is viewed as one of South Africans up and coming avian-garden designers, but these designs can not be classified as truly avian-garden. The use of fabrics, such as t-shirt fabric, and the combination of cloth ing items might be a new addition to traditional culture's wrapping cloths or way of styling, but that does not make it avian-garden. As soon as a designer uses another culture's clothing as inspiration, the ND product is likely not to be avian-garden, for it has mostly been done before.The third case study is Black Coffee's 2013 winter range, WREATHE. This range entwines together contemporary engineering and fabrics with classic and feminine silhouettes. The textures that is clearly visible and one of the key elements of this collection, is created by braiding industrial felt and the layering of mesh panels. In this collection, Black Coffee experimented with the sculptural process of carving, where the shape is exposed within and not constructed by the foundational material (Black Coffee, 2012).This also served as their inspiration for the range. With this collection, Black Coffee hoped to create a ‘collection that captivates by precision and seduces through romantic imaginat ion' (Black Coffee, 2012). This collection uses a very soft and feminine color palette in order to convey the romantic feel and to highlight the classic silhouettes. It also uses the classic clothing elements such as high-wasted pants, coats and dresses but change them in such a way that they appear as innovative garments.In 2009, Given launched a spring range with a dress that appears to be very similar to some of Black Coffee's 2013 winter designs (Style, 2012). Although that is the case, Black Coffee can still be viewed as an avian-garden designer, for it creates truly innovative designs that are beautiful and functional at the same time. In case study 4, Luda Inglenooks 2012 autumn/winter range, Anamosa, are depicted. His inspiration for the designs is traditional Xhosa bodywork, craft, symbolism and colors.He uses these in knitwear made of mohair and merino wool in order for mammograms, Xhosa initiates, to wear it after they have gone through the initiation process (Inglenook, 2012). This knitwear depicts his cultural aesthetics and is very practical at the same time. AAA of his designs is contemporary and yet culturally applicable and brings the Xhosa aesthetics to any outfit (Design Indaba, 2013). One can clearly see the use of the Xhosa patterns and the bodywork inspiration in the Jersey designs. They are also colorful, true to the Xhosa traditional colors.Furthermore, Luda has succeeded in creating garments that is formal enough for the mammograms to wear, for they traditionally have to wear formal clothing for up to six months after the initiation process, to symbolize their newly found manhood Inglenook, 2012). This Jersey-knitwear does not seem to be avian-garden design, but no knitwear has been made using Xhosa patterns and bodywork as inspiration before. If one looks at the definition of avian-garden, stating that a design should be innovative to be classified as avian-garden design, then Luda's Anamosa range can be classified as avian-garden des ign.Case study 5 depicts Taboo Machete's 2012 range, Kabob EAI Balboa, meaning blanket of the prestige (Design Indaba, 2013). Taboo uses Bassist blankets to create stunning coats and handbags. The handbags are made out of the blanket scraps, in order to eliminate as much waste as possible. By up-cycling the blankets, Taboo is also contributing to a â€Å"greener† society (Macbeth, 2013). Traditional Sotto patterns can be seen in the coats, as they are traditionally on Bassist blankets.These blanket coats can certainly be classified as avian-garden, for it is cutting edge, and has not been done before. There is currently a blanket trend amongst males, but none that include fashioning clothing out of blankets. The trend merely includes males draping blankets with fashionable patterns around their neck and shoulders, almost like an over-sized scarf (Bogart, 2013). Contemporary South African fashion does not really include avian-garden fashion designs. Most trends are simply copi ed from European fashion trends, for we are a season behind.Therefore South Africa has a very small, yet developing avian-garden fashion movement seen in the designs of fashion designers such as Suzan Hens, Assistant Low, Black Coffee, Luda Inglenook and Taboo Macbeth. These designers' works would most likely not be classified as avian-garden by famous European designers, but from a South African point of view, they would qualify. Just like the small group of artists that broke away from the bounding rules of revises established art styles, our small South African group of designers is attempting avian-garden design.They may not be the leaders of the pack, but they are certainly contending and attacking the system of following European trends. Although I have now seen that South African avian-garden is really limited and almost none existing, I am still arguing for the development of South African fashion design. I believe that the success of being truly avian-garden will lead to ex posure and publicity for the country, which in turn will lead to a positive economic outcome. 2003 words List of Illustrations Case Study 1: Suzan Hens Suzan Hens, Die Form, Audiometer 2011.